广州翻译公司|科技翻译公司台湾高科技创新为何遥遥领先中国大陆？

WhyTaiwanis far ahead of mainlandChinain high-tech

台湾高科技创新为何遥遥领先中国大陆？

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Every country is touchy about some topics, especially when raised by a foreigner. Living inChinafor almost seven years now, and having been a student of the place for the last forty, I thought I knew the hot buttons not to press. Apparently not.

每个国家都会对某些话题敏感，尤其是当这些话题被外国人提出时。在中国生活了近7年、而且过去40年一直是中国学生的我，本以为自己了解哪些话题不能触碰。显然我还是不懂。

The topic at hand: high-tech innovation in the People’s Republic of China and why it seems to lag so far behind that of neighboringTaiwan. The current issue of one ofChina’s leading business publications, Caijing Magazine, published a Chinese-language article I wrote together with China First Capital’s COO, Dr. Yansong Wang, aboutTaiwan’s outstanding optical lens company Largan Precision.

我正在应对这样一个话题：中国内地的高科技创新，及其为什么看起来如此落后于邻近的台湾。中国领先的商业期刊之一——《财经》杂志最近刊发了我与中国首创(China First Capital)首席运营官王岩松博士用中文合写的关于台湾杰出光学镜头企业——大立光电(Largan Precision)的一篇文章。

Soon after the magazine was published, it began circulating rather widely. Howls of national outrage began to reach me almost immediately. Mainly we were accused of not understanding the topic and having ignoredChina’s many tech companies that are at least the equal, if not superior, to Largan.

这期杂志出版后不久，该文章就开始广泛流传，紧接着引发了大量愤怒的批评声，主要是指责我们不了解这一话题，忽视了中国内地有很多科技公司至少与大立光电同样优秀——如果不是更胜一筹的话。

I didn’t think the article would be all that contentious, at least not the facts. Largan last year had revenues in excess of $1bn and net profit margins above 40 per cent, more than double those of its main customer, Apple, which is no slouch at earning fat profits.Chinahas many companies which supply components to Apple, either directly or as a subcontractor. None of these companies can approach the scale and profitability of Largan. In fact, there are few whose net margins are higher than 10 per cent, or one-quarter Largan’s.

我没想到这篇文章会引发这么大争议，至少在基本事实上没什么可争议的。大立光电去年营收超10亿美元，净利润率超过40%，是其主要客户苹果(Apple)的两倍多，而苹果在赚取丰厚利润方面已绝非等闲之辈。中国内地有很多为苹果供应零部件的公司，有的直供，有的是分包商。但没有任何一家能达到大立光电的规模和盈利能力。实际上，没几家公司能实现高于10%的净利润率（相当于大立光电的四分之一）。

As it happens,Taiwaninaugurated its new president last week, Tsai Ing-wen, who represents the pro-Taiwan independence party. Few in mainlandChinaseem to be in a mood to hear anything good aboutTaiwan. In one Wechat forum for senior executives, the language turned sharp. “Chinahas many such companies. You, as a foreigner, just don’t know about them.” or, “Largan is only successful because likeTaiwanitself, it is protected by the American government” and “Apple buys from Largan because it wants to hold backChina’s development”. Also raised; “Huawei is much larger than Largan”. True, though it’s net margins are under 10 per cent.

碰巧的是，代表亲台独政党的新总统蔡英文(Tsai Ing-wen)刚在台湾宣誓就职。而在中国内地，似乎没人有心情聆听关于台湾的任何好话。在一个高管微信群中，言辞变得犀利。“中国有很多这样的公司。你作为一个外国人，只是不了解它们罢了。”或者，“大立光电能成功，是因为有美国政府保护，就像台湾自身一样”，还有“苹果从大立光电采购，因为它想阻止中国的发展”。还有人指出，“华为(Huawei)比大立光电大多了”。没错，只是华为的净利润率还不到10%。广州翻译公司、科技翻译公司。

Not a single comment I’ve seen focused on perhaps more obvious reasons China’s tech ambitions are proving so hard to realize: a weak system of patent protection, widespread online censoring and restrictions on the free flow of information, a venture capital industry which, though now large, has an aversion to backing new directions in R&D. InTaiwan, none of this is true.

我看到的评论中，没有一条专注于中国科技雄心难以实现的或许更明显的原因：薄弱的专利保护体系、无处不在的互联网审查、对信息自由流动的限制，以及尽管现在规模很大、但不愿支持研发新方向的风险投资业。在台湾，这些都不是问题。

Largan is doing so well because the optical-quality plastic lenses it makes for mobile phone cameras are unrivalled in their price and performance. Any higher-end mobile phone, be it an iPhone or an Android phone selling for above $400, relies on Largan lenses.

大立光电的业绩如此之好，因为它为手机摄像头制造的光学品质塑料镜头在价格和性能方面都没有对手。所有高端手机——不论是iPhone还是售价400美元以上的安卓(Android)手机——使用的都是大立光电的镜头。

Many companies in the mainland have tried to get into this business. So far none have succeeded. Largan, of course, wants to keep it that way. It has factories inChina, but key parts of Largan’s valuable, confidential manufacturing processes take place inTaiwan.

中国内地许多企业曾试图进入这一行业。但迄今没有一家获得成功。当然，大立光电希望保持这种优势。它在中国大陆建有工厂，但高价值、机密制造过程的关键环节都在台湾完成。

High precision, high megapixel plastic camera lenses are basically impossible to reverse-engineer. You can’t simply buy a machine, feed in some plastic pellets and out comes a perfect, spherical, lightweight 16-megapixel lens. Largan has been in the plastic lens business for almost twenty years. Today’s success is the product of many long years of fruitless experimentation and struggle. Largan had to wait a long time for the market demand to arrive. Great companies, ones with high margins and unique products, generally emerge in this way.

高精度、高像素塑料摄像头基本上无法进行“逆向工程”。无法仅凭购买一台机器，投入一些塑料颗粒，就生产出完美的球面、轻量化的1600万像素的镜头。大立光电在塑料镜头行业已有近20年经验。今天的成功是多年锲而不舍进行实验和努力的结果。大立光电等了很久才等到市场需求的到来。拥有高利润率和独特产品的伟大公司通常都是以这种方式崭露头角的。

We wrote the article in part because Largan is not widely-known inChina. It should be. MainlandChinais, as most people know, engaged in a massive, well-publicized multi-pronged effort to stimulate high-tech innovation and upgrade the country’s manufacturing base.

我们之所以写那篇文章，部分是因为大立光电在内地的知名度不高。它应该有很高的知名度。我们都知道，中国内地已发起一场大规模、高调宣传、多管齐下的努力，以激励高科技创新，升级国内制造业基础。

A huge rhetorical push fromChina’s central government leadership is backed up with tens of billions of dollars in annual state subsidies. Largan is a good example close to home of whatChinastands to gain if it is able to succeed in this effort. It’s not only about fat profits and high-paying jobs.

中央领导层大力呼吁推进哪一行业，这一行业每年就会得到数百亿美元的政府补贴。如果中国在这方面的努力能够成功的话，大立光电就是中国能收获什么样的成果的近似案例。这关乎的不仅是丰厚的利润和高薪工作。

Largan is also helping to create a lager network of suppliers, customers and business opportunities outside mobile phones. High precision low-cost and lightweight lenses are also finding their way into more and more IOT devices. There are also, of course, potential military applications.

大立光电还在协助创建一个更大的网络，包括供应商、客户和手机以外的商机。高精度、低成本、轻量化的镜头也正在被越来越多的物联网(IOT)设备采用。当然，它们还有潜在的军事用途。

So why is it, the article asks but doesn’t answer, that the People’s Republic ofChinadoes not have companies like Largan? Is it perhaps too early? From the comments I’ve seen, that is one main explanation. GiveChinaanother few years, some argued, and it will certainly have dozens of companies every bit as dominant globally and profitable as Largan.

因此，那篇文章提出但没有回答的问题是：为什么中国内地涌现不出像大立光电这样的公司？或许还不到时候？从我读到的评论来看，这是一种主要解释。有些人辩称，再给中国几年时间，中国肯定会出现数十家像大立光电一样利润率较高且在全球占主导地位的企业。

A related strand, linked even more directly to notions of national destiny and pride:Chinahas 5,000 years of glorious history during which it created such technology breakthroughs as paper, gunpowder, porcelain and the pump. New products now being developed inChinathat will achieve breakthroughs of similar world-altering amplitude.

与此关联的一种观点更直接地牵扯到民族命运和自豪感等观念，那就是：中国拥有5000年辉煌历史，在造纸、火药、瓷器以及提水灌溉等方面实现了很多技术突破。如今，中国正在研发的新产品将实现类似级别的突破，改变世界。

Absent from all the comments is any mention of fundamental factors that almost certainly inhibit innovation inChina. Start with the most basic of all: intellectual property protection, and the serious lack thereof inChina.

针对该文章的所有评论，都没有提及一些几乎肯定会抑制中国创新的根本因素。先从最基本的因素说起：中国内地严重缺乏知识产权保护。

While things have improved a bit of late, it is still far too easy to copycat ideas and products and get away with it. There are specialist patent courts now to enforceChina’s domestic patent regime. But, the whole system is still weakly administered. Chinese courts are not fully independent of political influence.

虽然近期情况稍微有好转，但要抄袭创意和产品并逃避处罚还是太过容易。中国如今设有专门的知识产权法院来实施国内的专利制度。但是，整个体系的管理仍非常薄弱。中国法院无法完全独立于政治影响。

And anyway, even if one does win a patent case and get a judgment against a Chinese infringer, it’s usually all but impossible to collect on any monetary compensation or prevent the loser from starting up again under another name in a different province.

而且，即便一家公司赢得了专利权案，且法院作出对中国侵权方不利的判决，原告通常也几乎不可能得到任何金钱补偿，或是阻止败诉方换个省、换个名字另起炉灶。

Another troubling component ofChina’s patent system: it awards so-called “use patents” along with “invention patents”. This allows for a high degree of mischief. A company can seek patent protection for putting someone else’s technology to a different use, or making it in a different way.

中国专利制度另一令人不安的层面是：除“发明专利”之外，它还授予所谓的“实用新型专利”。这为不厚道的行为提供了巨大空间。一家公司可将别人的技术换一种用途，或以不同的方式进行生产，然后为此申请专利保护。

It’s axiomatic that countries without a reliable way to protect valuable inventions and proprietary technology will always end up with less of both. Compounding the problem inChina, non-compete and non-disclosure agreements are usually unenforceable. Employees and subcontractors pilfer confidential information and start up in business with impunity.

很显然，缺乏可靠方式保护宝贵发明和专有技术的国家，涌现的发明和专有技术总是会少一些。使得这一问题更加严重的是，在中国，竞业禁止及保密协议通常无法执行。雇员、分包商经常窃取机密信息并创办自己的公司，而不受惩罚。

Why else isChina, at least for now, starved of domestic companies with globally-important technology? Information of all kinds does not flow freely, thanks to state control over the internet.

至少现在而言，中国缺乏拥有全球重要技术的企业，还有什么原因导致这种局面？各种信息无法自由流动，原因在于国家对互联网的控制。

A lot of the coolest new ideas in business these days are first showcased on Youtube, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat. All of these, of course, are blocked by the Great Firewall of China, along with all kinds of traditional business media. Closed societies have never been good at developing cutting edge technologies.

如今，商业中很多最酷的新创意都最先出现在YouTube、Twitter、Instagram、Snapchat上。当然，所有这些网站都遭到了中国“长城防火墙”的屏蔽，同时被屏蔽的还有各种传统商业媒体。封闭社会从来不擅长开发前沿技术。

There’s certainly a lot of brilliant software and data-packaging engineering involved in maintaining the Great Firewall. Problem is, there’s no real paying market for online state surveillance tools outsideChina. All this indigenous R&D and manpower, if viewed purely on commercial terms, is wasted.

肯定有大量卓越的软件和数据打包技术在参与筑牢长城防火墙。问题在于，在中国以外，这些国家级的在线监视工具不存在真正的付费市场。从纯商业角度看，所有这些自主研发和人力都被浪费了。

The venture capital industry inChina, though statistically the second-largest in the world, has shunned investments in early-stage and experimental R&D. Instead, VCs pour money into so-called “C2C” businesses. These “Copied To China” companies look for an established or emerging business model elsewhere, usually in the US, then create a local Chinese version, safe in the knowledge the foreign innovator will probably never be able to shut-down this “China only” version.

中国的风险投资业（尽管规模达到全球第二）至今不愿对早期及实验性的研发进行投资。相反，风投公司将大量资金投入所谓的“复制到中国”(Copied To China)企业。这些“C2C”企业在别的地方（通常是美国）寻找成熟或是正在崛起的商业模式，然后创建中国本土版本，因为它们放心地知道，境外创新者很可能永远无法让这个“仅限中国”的版本关停。

It’s howChina’s three most successful tech companies – Alibaba, Tencent and Baidu – got their start. They’ve moved on since then, but “C2C” remains the most common strategy for getting into business and getting funded as a tech company inChina.

这就是中国三家最成功的科技公司——阿里巴巴(Alibaba)、腾讯(Tencent)和百度(Baidu)——起步的方式。这些公司已经超越了最初的复制阶段，但在中国，“C2C”模式仍然是创立科技公司并获得融资的最常见策略。

Another factor unbroached in any of the comments and criticisms I read about the Largan article: universities inChina, especially the best ones, are extremely difficult to get into. But, their professors do little important breakthrough research. Professorial rank is determined by seniority and connections, less so by academic caliber. Also, Chinese universities don’t offer, as American ones do, an attractive fee-sharing system for professors who do come up with something new that could be licensed.

在针对大立光电文章的所有评论和批评中，另一个未提及的因素是：中国的大学——特别是一流大学——虽然很难考入，但这些大学的教授们很少拿得出重要的突破性研究。教授级别由资历和关系决定，与学术水平关系不大。而且，与美国的大学不同，中国大学不为那些拿得出可以授权使用的技术成果的教授提供有吸引力的许可费用分享制度。

Tech companies outsideChinafinance innovation and growth by going public. Largan did so inTaiwan, very early on in 2002, when the company was a fraction of its current size. Tech IPOs of this kind are all but impossible inChina. IPOs are tightly managed by government regulators. Companies without three years of past profits will never even be admitted to the now years-long queue of companies waiting to go public.

中国境外的科技公司通过上市为创新和增长融资。大立光电早在2002年就在台湾上市，当时该公司规模还很小。但在中国内地，这类科技公司要想进行首次公开发行(IPO)几乎是不可能的。内地的IPO由政府监管部门紧紧控制。过去三年没有利润的公司甚至不可能获准进入等待上市的名单，即便上了名单的企业也要等待几年才能上市。

Taiwanis, at its closest point of its territory, only a little more than a mile from the Chinese mainland. But, the two are planets apart in nurturing and rewarding high-margin innovation.Taiwanis strong in the fundamental areas where the mainland is weak.

台湾与中国大陆最近之处只有一英里多一点的距离。但两岸在培养和奖励能带来高利润的创新方面却不可同日而语。台湾具有优势的根本领域都是中国大陆的薄弱之处。

While Largan may now be the best performing Taiwanese high-tech company, there are many others that similarly can run circles around mainland competitors. For all the recent non-stop talk inChinabuilding an innovation-led economy, one hears infrequently aboutTaiwan’s technological successes, and even less about ways the mainland might learn fromTaiwan.

尽管或许大立光电是当今台湾效益最好的高科技公司，但台湾还有很多企业同样可以把中国大陆竞争对手远远甩在后面。在内地近期关于打造创新经济的所有滔滔不绝的论述中，很少听到关于台湾科技成就的讨论，更不用说有关中国大陆可以向台湾取经的说法了。

Our Largan article clearly touched a raw nerve, at least for some. If it is to succeed in transforming itself into a technology powerhouse, one innovation required inChinamay be a willingness to look more closely and assess more honestly why high-tech does so much better inTaiwan.

我们那篇关于大立光电的文章显然触及了一些人的痛处——至少是一些人。要想成功转型为科技强国，中国亟需的一个“创新”或许是愿意更细致地分析、更诚实地评估台湾高科技行业为何出色得多。

Peter Fuhrman is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,ChinaFirst Capital

傅成(Peter Fuhrman)是中国首创(China First Capital)董事长兼首席执行官

傅成：抑制中国创新的最基本因素是，中国内地严重缺乏知识产权保护。

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