China land reform opens door to corporate farming
中国土地改革为公司化农业开路
广州投资翻译公司：《关于完善农村土地所有权承包权经营权分置办法的意见》意在解决中国农村的两个紧迫问题，同时维持集体所有制。
China has cleared the way for private investment in large-scale farming, announcing a change in land rights that heralds a new era for agriculture in the world’s most populous nation.
中国为私营部门投资大规模农业铺平了道路，宣布一项土地权利改革，使世界人口最多国家的农业迈入一个新时代。广州投资翻译公司。
The move to corporate farming is designed to solve two pressing problems of the Chinese countryside — a rapid increase in elderly farmers and poor yields from hundreds of millions of small plots — while accommodating the ruling Communist party’s opposition to individual private land ownership.
转向公司化农业是为了解决中国农村的两个紧迫问题——老年农民快速增加和数亿小块农地产出率低——同时让执政的共产党坚持不允许私人拥有土地。
Beijing prohibits buying and selling of agricultural land, a ban at odds with its objective of consolidating millions of tiny plots into large-scale farms. Farmers do not own land; they have decades-long leaseholds from village collectives.
目前北京方面禁止买卖农业用地，这一禁令与其目标（将数以百万计的小块农地整合成大型农场）存在抵触。农民不拥有土地；他们承包经营村里集体所有的土地，承包期长达几十年。广州投资翻译公司。
Legal gymnastics have allowed individual farmers temporarily to transfer leaseholds. Now, through a refinement called “land management rights”, a village may collectively transfer its land to a corporation in return for yearly payments. “The collective ownership and the land management relationship is kept stable,” Han Changbin, agricultural minister, said yesterday.
复杂的法律安排使得个体农户可以临时转让承包权。现在，通过一项“土地经营权”的改进，一个村子可以将其土地集体转让给公司，以换取年度收入。“保持了集体所有权、承包关系的稳定，”中国农业部长韩长赋昨日表示。
This year, President Xi Jinping raised expectations for reform by visiting Xiaogangcun, the village in Anhui province where farmers dared secretly to divide communal land in 1978 and set off land reforms that ended widespread starvation. He was accompanied by Chen Xiwen, a reformer who has for several years promoted the idea of farmers voluntarily transferring land leases to gradually scale up farming.
今年，中国国家主席习近平视察了安徽省小岗村，令外界产生对改革的期待；1978年，正是该村的农民悄悄划分公有土地，开始了土地改革，结束了普遍的粮食短缺。时任中央农村工作领导小组副组长陈锡文陪同习近平视察，这位改革派官员多年倡导让农民自愿转让土地承包权，以便逐渐扩大农业经营规模。广州投资翻译公司。
But Mr Xi proved unwilling to challenge the ban on people owning land, which reformers view as the big obstacle to upgrading Chinese agriculture. “No matter how the government changes the land system, it cannot break down the rural collective ownership system,” Mr Han quoted Mr Xi as saying.
但事实证明习近平不愿挑战禁止私人拥有土地的制度；而这个禁令被改革派视为提升中国农业水平的大障碍。“不管怎么改，都不能把农村土地集体所有制改垮了，”韩长赋援引习近平的话称。
An earlier attempt, about 10 years ago, to introduce true rural land ownership also failed. Voluntarily land consolidation by transferring contracts has proved very popular with rural families, but has proved slower than Beijing expected. Even the larger farms are also often unable to borrow enough money to upgrade equipment or seeds sufficiently to increase crop yields.
大约10年前出台的引入真正的农村土地所有权的尝试也失败了。通过转让合同实现自愿土地整合的做法被证明受到农户欢迎，但实际进展过程慢于北京方面的预期。即使是较大的农场也经常借不到足够资金来升级设备或种子，以提高收成。广州投资翻译公司。
The new reforms will accelerate a trend towards agricultural capitalism, whereby businessmen contract with village committees to take over all the village land, while providing employment and a revenue stream to villagers. This model, when successful, helps introduce businessmen who can access loans into the rural economy. It also provides income for elderly villagers who can no longer tend subsistence plots.
新的改革将加快转向农业资本主义的趋势，由商人与村委会签订合同，接管村里的所有土地，同时为村民提供就业和收入来源。在成功的情况下，这种模式有助于引导能够获得贷款的商人参与农村经济。它还能为不再能依靠耕作小块农地维持生计的老年村民提供收入。
“In Chairman Mao’s communes the people provided the labour and got work points they could trade for grain. Under the new model the people provide all the assets and get revenues,” said a businessman in south-west China whose company plans to manage 2,000 sq km through agreements with hundreds of villages. “But the principle hasn’t changed, of combining together in order to develop together.”
“在毛主席的公社，人们提供劳动力，得到可用于换取粮食的工分。在新模式下，人们提供所有资产，获得收入，”中国西南部的一个商人表示，他的公司计划与数百个村子签订协议，经营2000平方公里的农地。“但原则没有改变，结合在一起是为了共同发展。”
Additional reporting by Archie Zhang
Archie Zhang补充报道
